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How to improve dermatology teaching and learning at the undergraduate level? Recommendations by a faculty panel of Kerala state Branch of the Indian Association of Dermatologists, Venereologists, and Leprologists
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Received: ,
Accepted: ,
How to cite this article: Vivek S, Vineetha M, Ajithkumar K, Asokan N. How to improve dermatology teaching and learning at the undergraduate level? Recommendations by a faculty panel of Kerala state Branch of the Indian Association of Dermatologists, Venereologists, and Leprologists. J Skin Sex Transm Dis 2022;4:104-9.
Abstract
The undergraduate dermatology curriculum and teaching have to reflect the sea of changes that the specialty has undergone in recent years. In tune with this, the Kerala branch of the Indian Association of Dermatologists, Venereologists, and Leprologists (IADVL-K) planned an initiative to draft an advocacy document containing recommendations to improve the standard of undergraduate training, especially with regard to the implementation of competency-based medical education and training of attitude, ethics, and communication skills (AETCOM). A four-member panel was constituted by the state president for this purpose. The committee conducted virtual discussions and consultations with experts, following which a draft advocacy document was prepared on which suggestions from all members of IADVL Kerala were sought. Four core areas of change in undergraduate dermatology teaching and learning along with the agencies that could initiate such changes were identified. This initiative from a professional organization has attempted to harness opinions of the faculty of dermatology of an entire state and provide important insights into the direction in which undergraduate dermatology training should be oriented in the coming years in our country.
Keywords
Undergraduate dermatology teaching
Dermatology curriculum
Competency-based medical education
Undergraduate education
INTRODUCTION
Over the years, the perception of dermatology as a specialty has changed considerably. It is imperative that these changes get reflected in the undergraduate curriculum and teaching methods. Although the developed countries are way ahead in fine-tuning and updating their curriculum periodically after discussion with all the relevant stakeholders, such discussions are mostly limited to the universities in India.[1-4] Hence, the Kerala branch of Indian Association of Dermatologists, Venereologists, and Leprologists (IADVL-K) planned an initiative to seek the opinions of the dermatology teaching faculty across the state and formulate a proposal for modifications in the current undergraduate curriculum and training in dermatology. Our aim was to improve the standard of undergraduate training in dermatology, venereology, and leprology (DVL).
Objective
The objective of the study was to draft an advocacy document containing recommendations to improve the standard of undergraduate training, especially with regard to the implementation of competency-based medical education (CBME) and training of attitude, ethics and communication skills (AETCOM).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A four-member panel – which included a coordinator – was constituted by the state president of IADVL-K in January 2020, for this purpose. All members were actively involved in teaching of dermatology at the undergraduate or postgraduate levels or both. Focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and conclaves as previously planned could not be fully implemented due to the unexpected COVID-19 pandemic; however, e-discussions were carried out and the committee prepared a draft document after internal consultations. This was circulated among a group of subject experts (senior teaching faculty of various medical colleges) selected by the committee members. The draft modified by the experts was circulated among all members of IADVL Kerala from whom suggestions were invited in the latter half of 2020. The final document prepared in February 2021, incorporated the suggestions thus received.
RESULTS
We identified four core areas in which changes in the existing model were suggested.
Academics and teaching-learning methods
Reorganize dermatology teaching schedules and methods
In the teaching schedule for MBBS batches up to 2018 admission, the entire undergraduate clinical training in dermatology was during the fourth and fifth semesters of MBBS. The non-clinical subjects in this phase of training are pharmacology, microbiology, and pathology. The students complete the summative examination in these subjects only by the end of 5th semester. The panel felt that having a good, basic knowledge in these important paraclinical subjects is essential to understand the DVL subjects effectively. Therefore, it was decided to recommend to the university that the major part of the teaching (clinical and theory) in DVL be scheduled after the 5th semester.
With CBME being implemented from 2019 batch,this issue is expected to be resolved as clinical posting in dermatology is scheduled to be done in three parts – 2 weeks each in the 4th, 6th, and 8th semesters.[5] It was decided to hold discussions with other departments regarding scheduling these postings in an effective manner fitting in with the overall teaching schedule.
Teaching-learning methods
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Small-group teaching methods were identified to be most useful both in the outpatient clinics and inpatient wards. As suggested by National Medical Commission (NMC), problem-based learning modules should be introduced for teaching undergraduates. Faculty-student ratio will have to be increased than the minimum stipulated by NMC, especially to make small-group teaching methods effective.
Regarding lecture classes for the full batch, it was felt necessary to reorganize the topics based on the relevance from an undergraduate perspective. Efforts are to be taken to make these large-group teaching methods more interactive.
The panel unanimously agreed that newer methods of learning including e-learning should be thoroughly explored. This has assumed added significance in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and post-COVID-19 era. Both synchronous and asynchronous methods of e-learning should be developed. Developing comprehensive virtual platforms for interactive e-learning will help undergraduate learning in dermatology. The resources thus developed could be shared and disseminated for the benefit of the entire dermatology community
The panel felt that concerns regarding the content and practice of CBME curriculum should be addressed. Wide discussions regarding the practical concerns in implementing CBME curriculum in dermatology should be held among all faculty members. Time and space constraints for planning and execution of the teaching-learning methods as per CBME curriculum should be specially considered.
Efforts to address attitude, ethics, and communication skills
The members felt that this part deserves special attention, however, it is expected to be addressed with the effective implementation of AETCOM modules as part of the new CBME-based curriculum.[6]
Procedural and basic laboratory skills training
The panel felt that it is necessary to introduce specific time slots for imparting appropriate procedural skills, to undergraduate students.
Integration with other departments
The panel emphasized the need to integrate learning effectively with other departments – clinical and non-clinical. This too was expected to become more effective with the introduction of the new CBME-based curriculum. A list of subjects – during appropriate phases of training – which are to be included in integrated sessions may be identified.
Dermatology posting during internship
There was a consensus that dermatology should again be made a compulsory subject during internship, considering that skin diseases are common in the community and every medical graduate should feel confident to manage common skin problems effectively. The recommendations are summarized in Table 1.
| No. | Issue to be addressed | Suggested actions | Remarks | Concerned agencies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Reorganize dermatology teaching schedules and clinical postings of undergraduate students | Have interdepartmental discussions regarding the suitable time and duration for clinical postings in the department Introduce small-group teaching methods in the OPD and ward Lecture classes for the entire batches – topics to be reorganized in view of relevance from an undergraduate perspective Interactive large-group teaching methods and careful selection of content |
Teaching departments, university, curriculum committees of the institution | |
| 2. | Innovate and explore newer methods of e-learning | Both synchronous and asynchronous methods of e-learning may be promoted | University, departments | |
| 3. | Address concerns regarding content and practice of CBME curriculum | Hold wide discussions regarding the practical concerns in implementing CBME curriculum in dermatology Time and space constraints to be addressed for implementation of the teaching-learning methods as per CBME curriculum Faculty-student ratio to be increased to implement more small-group teaching methods |
Teaching departments, university, curriculum committees, NMC | |
| 4 | Improve the attitude, ethics, and communication skills | Introduce appropriate AETCOM modules for undergraduates | Skill building required | University, curriculum implementation committee, UG teachers |
| 5. | Training in procedural and basic laboratory skills | Introduce time slots for procedural and laboratory skill training during clinical postings | UG departments | |
| 6 | Integration of teaching with other departments | Pre-set list of lecture/classes with specification of semesters | Internal arrangements in the departments for carrying out the classes | UG departments, institutional academic cells, and curriculum committees |
| 7 | Dermatology posting during internship | Discussions required to make dermatology rotation mandatory during internship | College academic council, university, NMC |
OPD: Outpatient department, CBME: Competency-based medical education, UG: Undergraduate, NMC: National Medical Commission, AETCOM: Attitude, ethics and communication skills
Research and publishing
There is a need to increase awareness regarding facilities – fellowships/scholarships – offered by agencies such as Indian Council of Medical Research for research. IADVL itself could introduce steps to promote research among undergraduates. Undergraduate students could be encouraged to be part of department research and publications. Dermatology departments could take leadership or collaborate with other agencies to provide research methodology training. Mentorship for research can begin in undergraduate period. Introductory workshops on critical appraisal of scientific literature, statistical analysis, and scientific writing would also help undergraduate students. Possibilities for interdepartmental collaborations should be explored to improve research capacity. Rewards for research would also help to generate more interest even at undergraduate level. Table 2 summarizes the recommendations on this topic.
| No. | Issue | Suggested actions | Concerned agencies |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Promoting research | Increase awareness regarding ICMR support to undergraduate research/scholarships IADVL could introduce research provisions for UGs More sources for funding research to be identified Research methodology training programs for UGs Interdepartmental collaborations for promoting research |
IADVL, undergraduate departments, institutional research committee |
| 2 | Encourage publications | Steps to provide incentives to publish in indexed journals Workshops on statistical analysis and scientific writing |
Undergraduate departments, college academic council, institutional research committee, university |
ICMR: Indian Council of Medical Research, IADVL: Indian Association of Dermatologists, Venereologists, and Leprologists, UG: Undergraduate
Assessment
Importance of introducing 360 degree assessment was emphasized by the group. This could be achieved by keeping a log book and a daily activity book. These are to be verified by the faculty-in-charge on a daily basis. Portfolios including feedback from teachers, peers, nursing, and other auxiliary staff can be created and reflective assignments could be used for formative assessment. Objective structured clinical examination and multiple-choice questions should be used for formative assessment at the end of each session of clinical postings [Table 3].
| No. | Issue | Suggested actions | Remarks | Concerned agencies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 360 degree assessment | Strict maintenance of log book and daily activity book to be signed by the faculty-in-charge daily Feedback forms from the teachers, peers, nursing, and other auxiliary staff to be included in the log book Additional training in OSCE/ MCQs and inclusion in end-of-posting exams |
Uniform format of log book in all colleges Competency based assessment to be emphasized |
Undergraduate departments, medical education units, university |
OSCE: Objective structured clinical examination, MCQs: Multiple-choice questions
Faculty-related suggestions
More capacity building and skills training facilities for faculty should be implemented. This can be done with the support of the medical education unit of the institution. Regular workshops would help to modify teaching programs periodically, in response to the changing trends in education. IADVL can be part of these activities by providing subject-specific training in dermatology. Specific training for developing and implementing e-learning courses in the specialty should be instituted.
In-services training of teachers should be made mandatory. Access to journals could be improved by IADVL, government, and the respective managements. Introducing sabbatical leave to faculty would help opportunities for exposure to other centers of excellence – national and international – ensuring continuation in the service.
Research should be incentivized more. More institutional support systems including the state board of medical research and greater access to other research funding can be helpful. Staff pattern should be increased in proportion to the increased work load over the years. Greater clerical support to departments would help teachers to provide more time to teaching activities. Faculty portfolios including a “reflection” component could be promoted. The recommendations regarding faculty related aspects are compiled in Table 4.
| No. | Issue | Suggested actions | Remarks | Concerned agencies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Capacity building and skills training for faculty | Regular workshops IADVL can supplement specialty specific training in dermatology teaching-learning methods E-learning courses by experts in the field to explore the possibility in the present scenario |
IADVL, university, DME, managements of the medical colleges, medical education units of the medical colleges | |
| 2. | Regular knowledge updation by faculty | To provide sabbatical leave To provide periodic training Improved access to reading materials |
University, DME, managements of the medical colleges, medical colleges | |
| 3 | Greater quantity and quality of research | To provide incentives to do research Greater access to research funding Institutional support system for research |
University, DME, managements of the medical colleges, departments | |
| 3 | Staff pattern | To be increased proportionate to the increased work load over the years; greater clerical support to departments | At present, hugely increased load of patient care is resulting in compromise of teaching | NMC, university, DME, managements of the medical colleges |
IADVL: Indian Association of Dermatologists, Venereologists, and Leprologists, DME: Directorate of Medical Education, NMC: National Medical Commission
DISCUSSION
This exercise could identify several core areas which could be targeted to improve undergraduate teaching and training in dermatology. We could also identify the appropriate agencies who could take lead in initiating or promoting such changes.
There are several areas where the university is the appropriate agency to take initiative. These include ensuring a uniform teaching schedule in all institutions under it, whether private or government. Curriculum implementation is an important area where universities could take a leadership role. Promoting research, providing research funding, inculcating research environment in affiliated institutions, giving training in research-related areas, and making research publications available for teachers and students are a few other segments where the university can contribute significantly. Introducing timely reforms in assessment is yet another significant revision that the universities could adopt.
The managements of the institutions – government or private – also have an important role to ensure adequate infrastructure for academic activities. These include provision of sufficient space for teaching and sanctioning adequate posts of faculty – in accordance with the number of students as well as the patient load. There is a tendency for managements to ensure only the minimum staff requirement as per NMC recommendations. This is unjustifiable, as a major part of the work of teachers in clinical departments like dermatology is directed towards the management of patients. If the patient load is more, unless there is a proportional increase in the number of faculty, the quality of teaching is likely to be affected adversely. Effective governance of institutions is critical in developing an environment conducive for learning. Coordination among various departments is also a vital function to be attended to by the institutions.
Departments are the last, but vital links in delivering the goods related to academics. They should ensure that the plans regarding teaching and assessment envisaged in the curriculum are realized to the maximum extent possible.
As an umbrella organization, our professional association – IADVL – has a vital role to play. Capacity building among faculty through workshops and facilitating research through guidance, support, and research grants can be carried out by IADVL. In addition, activities like preparing advocacy documents – of which the present exercise is an example – can be effectively taken up by the professional association.
This exercise and the resultant document have some limitations. We could not conduct physical meetings (including focus group discussions and key informant interviews) as originally planned due to the restrictions imposed by COVID-19 pandemic. We tried to overcome this, by resorting to electronic methods of communication. Another limitation of efforts such as these is that the opinions generated are usually of the more motivated participants. Last, but not the least, the opinions of only one group of important stakeholders – the faculty – were sought. Opinions of the students as well as administrators would have provided more diverse viewpoints regarding the subject. Future efforts may try to overcome these limitations.
Despite these limitations, we believe that harnessing opinions of the faculty of dermatology of an entire state, as we have attempted, can provide important insights into the direction in which undergraduate dermatology training should be oriented in the coming years in our country. This advocacy document prepared by our professional organization has the potential to improve the standard of undergraduate training in dermatology in our state and our country.
Declaration of patient consent
Not required as there are no patients in this article.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
Dr. Neelakandhan Asokan was President of IADVL - Kerala when this project was implemented. Dr. Mary Vineetha, Dr. Kidangazhiathmana Ajithkumar and Dr. Neelakandhan Asokan are on the editorial board of the Journal.
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